| b t d k g q ' | voiced bilabial stop, as in "box" or "bilabial" voiceless dental stop, as in "toy" or "toast" voiced dental stop, as in "dog" or "dentist" voiceless velar stop, as in "car" or "carrot" voiced velar stop, as in "golf" or "goggles" voiceless uvular stop, present in Arabic and Hebrew, but not English (like /k/, but further back in the throat) voiceless glottal stop, as in the syllable break in "uh-oh", or the onset of any English word that "begins" with a vowel |
Fricatives:
| v c zc s z x zx kk gg h hh | voiced labiodental fricative, as in "Volvo" or "voluptuous" voiceless interdental fricative, as in "thing" or "filthy" voiced interdental fricative, as in "this" or "that" voiceless alveolar fricative, as in "sock" or "sissy" voiced alveolar fricative, as in "Zarquon" or "Zardoz" voiceless postalveolar fricative, as in "shut" or "fish" voiced postalveolar fricative, as in "garage" (Francophone pronunciation) or French "je" voiceless uvular fricative, as in German "Bach" or "Nacht" voiced uvular fricative, found in Arabic voiceless glottal fricative, as in "hello" or "hat" voiced glottal fricative, found in very few languages |
Nasals and Liquids:
| m n ng nq r rr w l j | bilabial nasal, as in "milk" or "mother" alveolar nasal, as in "noodle" or "noon" velar nasal, as in "sing" or "incomplete" uvular nasal, close oral cavity for /q/, but allow nasal cavity to open alveolar tap, as in "water" or "butter" uvular trill, as in French voiced labio-velar approximant, as in "wolf" or "power" alveolar lateral, as in "Lexus" or "lava lamp" palatal approximant, as in "yes" or PIE "*trayas" |
Vowels (short vowels are written with one character, long vowels with two of the same):
| ï i ë e ä u ü ö o a ê | high front unrounded vowel, as in "feed" lax high front unrounded vowel, as in "pit" mid-high front unrounded vowel, as in "pain" (non-pure in English) mid-low front unrounded vowel, as in "pet" low front unrounded vowel, as in French "là" high back rounded vowel, as in "food" lax high back rounded vowel, as in "foot" mid-high back rounded vowel, as in "cone" (non-pure in English) mid-low back rounded vowel, as in "gone" low back unrounded vowel, as in "father" schwa, as in "about" |