Those that differ or are not present in English:
| j r q x ' | voiced palatal glide, as "y" in "yes" if intervocalic: single tap; if part of cluster or initial: rolled as Arabic letter qaf, an English "k" placed further back in the throat voiceless palatal fricative (ichlaut), as in German "ich" glottal stop; as the syllable break in "uh-oh" |
The double consonants and affricates:
| th kh ng dz ch zh dj dh | voiceless th, as in "throw" achlaut, as in German "Bach" velar nasal, "thing" (word final only) "lads" "cheese" as in French "je" voiced hard j, "job" voiced th, "the", "that" |
Vowels are marked with diacritics to differentiate them:
| i ì e u ù è a ë û ê o à ò æ | long i, "feet" short i, "pit" pure long e, "day", without offglide at the end long u, "food" short u, "put" short e, "get" long a, "father" rounded o, as in German "öffnen" short low schwa, "thug" true schwa, "the" long o, "pole" open a, "fat" short o, "dog" mid-front vowel, "can" |
Diphthongs:
| ei ào iu òë iì ai | long e diphthong, "day", with offglide as in German, "sauber" pure diphthong, approximately like "few" as in German, "träumen", "Fräulein" unique diphthong, long i followed by short i "try" |