Reference Grammar

Section 1.3: Typology, Stress, and Syllable Morphology


1.2.1: Typology: verb-subject-object. Genitives follow the noun to which they belong. Indirect (dative) object typically follows the direct (accusative) object. Prepositional phrases typically follow the object, but can appear between subject and object for stylistic or poetic purposes. Certain particles can appear before the verb, but only in specific circumstances. Some of these particles will subordinate the clause, forcing the conjugated verb to the final position.

1.2.2: Stress: Stress can fall on the penult or either of the two preceding syllables. In multiple syllable words, stress never falls on the ultima. Single syllable words are usually unstressed proclitics, unless they bear significant meaning.

Word stress in Mungayöd is anti-recessive, and will be on a long syllable if at all possible. If the penult is a long vowel, that syllable will be stressed. If not, the accent will move back to the antepenult or ante-antepenult until it finds a long syllable. If all three of these syllables are short, the stress will fall on the antepenult (or on the penult, if the word only has two syllables).

All of the noun articles (definite and indefinite) and most prepositions are proclitics, meaning that they have no stress of their own, and depend on a stronger word to provide a rhythmic anchor, usually the noun. This attachment does not disrupt the word stress rules discussed in the preceding paragraph. For example, the word ìljei - "city" is always stressed on the first syllable, no matter what manner of article or preposition precedes it. In pronunciation, the entire noun phrase is run together like it was actually one "word", although it is written with word breaks, and is analyzed as such by native grammarians.

1.2.3: Syllable Morphology: The basic Mungayöd syllable is CV, but CCV and CVC (word-final only) variants do appear fairly frequently. There are a few rules as to which consonants can be clustered and which can be final. Common clusters are dv, kr, mj, lj, gr, sk, sj, and sr. There are also the four affricates that are written with a single character, ts, dz, ch, and dj. The only final consonants that are allowed are d, t, s, ng, and m.